July 01, 2008
— Gabriel Malor Professor Orin Kerr writes, "This is bad."
If you're a registered sex offender, failing twice to properly register your home address is really dumb. But if you're a state legislator, punishing that with a mandatory life sentence -- as Georgia has done -- is even dumber.
The background to the case is here and it raises some good questions. I'll summarize:
Georgia law requires sex offenders to register---on a continuous basis---information including identifying characteristics, like height and weight, employment activity, and most especially residence. If the sex offender is living too close to schools, churches, or other places where children are likely to be, he is required to move. He then has 72 hours to report his new residence and to move there. Failure to comply is considered failure to properly register as a sex offender. Innocent mistake (e.g. typos on the form) is not an excuse. On the second violation, the law imposes mandatory life imprisonment.
Here, Cedric Bradshaw is a pedophile and a dumbass. When he was 19 he had sex with a 15 year-old. But he served his time and was released, subject to sex offender registry. He then was imprisoned for six months when he gave an invalid address on his first registration. After that, he had to move twice when it turned out the family members he was living with (a sister then an aunt) lived too close to areas where children were likely to be. He finally found a place, but transposed two numbers in the address. He also failed to move into the new place within 72 hours. He was caught and prosecuted for failure to properly register as a sex offender. The trial judge ruled that he had no discretion to do anything other than sentence Bradshaw to life imprisonment. The case is currently before the Georgia Supreme Court.
Good law or bad law?
Does your opinion change if the sex offender is on the registry for circumstances less horrific than statutory rape? Something like this:
Drunk frat boy grabs Hooter's waitress' boobs and is convicted of misdemeanor sexual battery (no registry). 2 years later, while celebrating his college graduation, he does the same thing. Now it is felony sexual battery and a lifetime on the registry with a life sentence hanging over his head.
Related: The trial judge in this case is a rather unimpressive specimen. At sentencing, he said:
"I'll leave it to the super Legislature, the Supreme Court, to decide the issues of constitutionality," he said.
That sounds like an abdication of duty to me. Of course, trial judges are elected in Georgia.
Posted by: Gabriel Malor at
07:54 AM
| Comments (47)
Post contains 452 words, total size 3 kb.
This just opens the door for so many "what ifs" that will never be debated in full or answered.
Posted by: derbal at July 01, 2008 08:07 AM (RFDQt)
Posted by: ArrMatey at July 01, 2008 08:11 AM (35LYA)
Posted by: roy at July 01, 2008 08:41 AM (cB77O)
Silly Judge. Everyone knows the Supreme Court doesn't create our laws, the UN does, in consultation with the EU and taking into account Evolving Standards of Decency.
Posted by: MW at July 01, 2008 08:41 AM (l5rVx)
As I may have said before, the issue I have with these sex offender registries and the recent fad to lay down the penalties isn't that the penalties are too harsh, but that the category is far too broad.
Someone arrested for flashing is a 'sex offender'. Someone arrested for raping a 4 year old is a 'sex offender'. They're on the same damn list. They're not the same thing. To not be too hard on 1 and also not be too easy on the other we need to do a better job on how we seperate and classify their crimes.
This 'cannot live within x' of a school or playground' stuff is entirely warranted and good - for pedophiles. It's nonsense for other ways to get on the list though. Even if a 45 year old has sex with a 15 year old, that's disgusting and illegal, but it's actually not pedophilia. Clinically, it is not. Does not fit the actual definetion. If there's grass on the field it's not pedophilia (but it's still illegal). There actually 2 very different things. Pedo's particular hang up - and the recidivism statistics and all that that go with it we allways hear about - specifically go after PRE-pubescent children.
While a 14,15,16 year old is not mature enough to have sex and we can certainly call that illegal, he/she IS physically equipped for it and emitting the pheromones and all that. While it is not appropriate, it is a natural reaction. The drunk stupid guy who was drunk and stupid may be bad, but he's fundementally not the same as a pedophile. Nobody ever gets drunk and stupid with a 10 year old because they aren't equipped and it's NOT a natural reaction, no matter how drunk or stupid or amoral you are. It's a sign of a seriously malicious mental illness. That's a whole 'nother ball of wax.
So I applaud the hard line taken against the pedo's recently, but we really need to start to distinguish actual pedophiles from streakers, gropers, peeping toms, and drunk stupid cradle robbers who don't ask for ID in the parking lot of a bar. I'm not defending any of these sorts of crimes as not being bad, but there's a serious large difference - not only in degree, but in kind. If we're going to respond well to these sex crimes and handle them justly we have to handle them differently because they are different. Not just all a lump of 'sex related offenses'.
Posted by: Entropy at July 01, 2008 08:46 AM (m6c4H)
Does your opinion change if the sex offender is on the registry for circumstances less horrific than statutory rape?
Statutory rape can be horrific, but is a 19 year old sleeping with a 15 year old really "horrific"? Is said 19 year old really a pedophile? I think pedophilia refers to those who are sexually attracted to children, i.e., those in prepubescence. Most girls I know lost their virginity at 15 to older guys, most of whom were at least 17 or 18. Not much difference there.
Actually, in my state, I'm not sure this would even be illegal (I think it's legal as long as the age difference is less than five years), although I don't doubt that there are quite a few parents out there that would like it to be.
Posted by: Jason at July 01, 2008 08:50 AM (Y2Bw/)
Good law, possibly bad outcome. That's why pencils have erasers and Govenors have the power of pardon and commutation.
Don't let hard cases make bad law or undo good..
Posted by: Toby Hussein 928 at July 01, 2008 08:57 AM (evdj2)
Posted by: Christopher Taylor at July 01, 2008 09:05 AM (0+Ggj)
As I may have said before, the issue I have with these sex offender registries and the recent fad to lay down the penalties isn't that the penalties are too harsh, but that the category is far too broad.
In the past we had judges who used reason and common sense to distinguish between dangerous behavior and simple stupidity and they had the latitude to punish accordingly. Somewhere along the line the liberal "It's society's fault" mentality became entrenched and judges began slapping dangerous people on the wrist. The people got sick of it and took matters into their own hands, legislatively speaking. The authority of the judges has been reduced by mandatory sentencing policies, but it's their own fault. I wish that we could still trust our judges to do the right thing.
Posted by: Ghost of lee Atwater at July 01, 2008 09:09 AM (JxMoP)
Posted by: ECM at July 01, 2008 09:11 AM (q3V+C)
These laws are designed to punish those that can't control their urges, period.
No, they're not. These laws are designed to protect children.
Not being able to live with 300 yards of a preschool isn't done for punishment's sake, it's done to protect children.
It makes total sense that a guy arrested for groping a Hooters waitress while drunk can't live within 300 yards of an elementary school...
I wouldn't want these laws to be watered down with exceptions. I just want the category they target to be more specific AND ACCURATE. Laws saying you can't live around public parks should be aimed at pedophiles, not all 'sex offenders' who got convicted for doing anything that happened to be sexual.
It isn't about satyrs that feel your rights are being violated because you can't bed that hot 16 year old. Date Rape is rape and a terrible crime that should be punished. But some frat boy who date rapes a college co-ed with rohipnol is not a pedophile. He just isn't. That doesn't mean it's OK or he's a swell guy - look - he's not arsonist. He just isn't. Not an arsonist, not a pedophile, not an Al Quaeda terrorist, not a shoplifter...
What the fuck is restricting him from living next to a school gonna do? He's not gonna go after the 9 year olds... It's just SLOPPY. It's the result of a failure to distinguish between different types of sexual offenses and deal with them accordingly. That's NOT even to say one deserves less punishment or protective measures then the others, just that they need different punishments and different protective measures because they are different things with different motives. Ban date rapists from being perscribed sedatives - don't ban them from living down the street from a daycare. That's just sloppy lawmaking.
Posted by: Entropy at July 01, 2008 09:32 AM (m6c4H)
Yuh huh. And then when election time rolls around, said Governor is now "soft on sex offenders".
Sometimes I think we're not very good at distinguishing between things that are similar but not the same in this country. There needs to be a recognition that the guy who rapes an 11-year-old is not the same thing as a guy who gets handsy at Hooters.
Posted by: Farmer Joe at July 01, 2008 09:35 AM (nYv/9)
"That sounds like an abdication of duty to me. Of course, trial judges are elected in Georgia."
Uh, no Gabe...actually it isn't a trial judges place to discern constitutionality of laws and/or sentences. That should be up to the state supreme court in this instance.
If you want a restrained judiciary, a good place to start is at the bottom.
Posted by: headhunt23 at July 01, 2008 10:05 AM (OMCBg)
I agree with most of the criticisms of the law, but I think that political opposition is going to be a non-starter......
Posted by: Techie at July 01, 2008 11:38 AM (NsGcd)
That's the problem of mandatory sentences and zero tolerance laws in general. On the other hand, they are in place because there is often no justice for victims and their families in the courts.
So what are you gonna do?
Posted by: runninrebel at July 01, 2008 12:10 PM (0n9wc)
Terrible law.
Mandatory sentences usually are, IMHO.
Mind you, I'm a pretty law-and-order guy, but really Gabe illustrates the problem very well here.
Grabbing 4 breasts != stat rape != actuial rape.
And as someone who, ah, has had to deal with the aftermath of a (minor) brush with the law, I can tell you that there's often so much paperwork, fines, community service, etc., all administereed by different agencies, different parts of town, so on, that there's a nontrivial chance of 4-boob kid failing to dot an i and ending up in prison.
Laws can be judged by the badness of their likely outcomes; this law does not advance the cause of justice.
Posted by: jdub at July 01, 2008 12:13 PM (hUStE)
Posted by: GRC at July 01, 2008 12:14 PM (HbbDz)
Also, what is life in prison really mean? It's not life without parole. So, how much time does he have to serve before he's parole eligible? Again, your average person doesn't know this so it's another hit job on the criminal justice system and allows all the pedo sympathizers to yell foul..
Posted by: GRC at July 01, 2008 12:18 PM (HbbDz)
Hey, loserish D&D players like jailbait as much as the next guy. It could be preference, not necessity. Have you seen the nerd chicks these days? Have you seen the guys they date? Kee-rist.
While I have no sympathy for actual sex offenders, this borderline shit should never get the same treatment. Groping a waitress should not put you on the same list, with the same penalty as the guy that rapes a woman in a backalley or the guy that molests 6 year olds. I can't believe no one has figured this out. Is something I'm saying amazing and new?
As far as mandatory sentences, I'm not a fan. Let trial judges be elected, and then let them make their own decisions, with their career on the line.
Posted by: Shillelagh at July 01, 2008 12:19 PM (Oz4Bj)
Jessica Lunsford anyone?
K
Posted by: kestrel at July 01, 2008 12:20 PM (Z/25+)
Posted by: fugazi at July 01, 2008 12:20 PM (+xwT3)
Posted by: Greg s at July 01, 2008 12:22 PM (sPO/s)
Posted by: GRC at July 01, 2008 12:23 PM (HbbDz)
News stories about the consequences of "draconian" laws do tend to leave a lot of important details out.
Posted by: right at July 01, 2008 12:26 PM (pMGkg)
You are assuming it is merely groping a waitress which is still unacceptable behavior. What if he cornered the woman and wouldn't let her go? What if it wasn't a grope but grabbing and twisting her breast and designed to cause her pain which is pretty creepy and unacceptable? Again, they don't give you all the facts and like Pavlov's dog, you people react. Wise up!
Posted by: GRC at July 01, 2008 12:26 PM (HbbDz)
Damn right they do! For all we know the child enticed was 5 years old and he had candy in one hand and a jar of vaseline in the other.
Posted by: GRC at July 01, 2008 12:28 PM (HbbDz)
Of course there's a way to verify it, GRC. OCGA sec. 16-6-22.1 provides that a second conviction of what would otherwise be a misdemeanor sexual battery is a felony sexual battery and subject to sex offender registry.
Moreover, the sexual contact need not be violent. 16-6-22.1(b) provides that "A person commits the offense of sexual battery when he or she intentionally makes physical contact with the intimate parts of the body of another person without the consent of that person."
No violence required.
Posted by: Gabriel Malor at July 01, 2008 12:30 PM (WIxQ1)
Posted by: Stinky Esposito at July 01, 2008 12:30 PM (+qV4i)
Kind of depends on what Justice Supreme Decider Anthony Kennedy thinks. Of course that in turn depends on what side of the bed he gets up on and if he's jonesing for a tongue bath in the NY Times.
Really, this stuff is none of our business. We're just citizens after all.
Posted by: DrewM at July 01, 2008 12:38 PM (hlYel)
Posted by: GRC at July 01, 2008 12:41 PM (HbbDz)
If you actually believed that only violent sexual batterers should face mandatory life imprisonment for two improper registries, you'd have no problem with changing the law to exempt non-violent sexual batterers, right?
Posted by: Gabriel Malor at July 01, 2008 12:45 PM (WIxQ1)
Now if you believe that some imaginary boob grabber is being shafted, if you get your bar card, you can represent him in his imaginary case in the imaginary court and spring him from his imaginary jail, right?
Posted by: GRC at July 01, 2008 12:56 PM (HbbDz)
You have your facts wrong. He was placed in a juvenile detention center for the enticement charge; the sentence was for six to eight months. The thing that first got him in jail was the stat. rape.
If you had the time to look up the GA sex. battery code on your imaginary case, how come you don’t have the time to see when bozo is eligible for parole or to state the few facts accurately? Because it makes him more sympathetic if people falsely believe this is a lwop sentence?
Did I say it was a life without parole sentence? No, I didn't. And it's far from misleading because a substantial majority of states have separate life and lwop sentences. It is the norm, and therefore understood by just about everyone (as you so ably illustrate). Ignorant of facts and law, eh?
Finally, you rage about my "imaginary case" but what did you freakin' expect? I extended a hypothetical, i.e. an imaginary situation, for the very purpose of examining the law in circumstances less "horrifying" than those presented here.
Posted by: Gabriel Malor at July 01, 2008 01:10 PM (WIxQ1)
Exactly.
These people are a serious threat, yet we think we're protecting children by letting them free with a "we're watching you!" message, along with some public humiliation. It's no surprise at all when somebody commits some horrible crime against a child, and it turns out they already have a record.
As for mandatory sentencing, I think it's a bad idea to remove judges' discretion from the legal process. Taking mitigating circumstances and corner cases into account is part of what judges are there to do.
Posted by: sandy burger at July 01, 2008 01:28 PM (VC56G)
In Bradshaw's case, the first time he improperly registered and was busted for it should have been a wake-up call. I'm not seeing any 'excuse' for his first improper registration. I don't think life for a second improper registration is harsh - he should have learned his lesson the first time he registered improperly, and dotted his i's and crossed his t's much more carefully. He got a second chance with not having to register with the enticing charge - which, from the description of the law sounds to me like kidnapping a child for molestation purposes by persuasion instead of by force. At some point, he's gotta learn that sex with children is wrong, and since the courts can't be bothered to put him away for life after he didn't learn what a complete moral fuckup he is from the first conviction, the least they can do is make absolutely certain that he walks the straight and narrow as much as they possibly can. (Yes, I consider a 16-year-old a child.)
I'm wondering what's wrong with Grabby Greasyfingers that he didn't learn from his first conviction that it wasn't OK to go around groping waitresses. Obviously the punishment for the first offense wasn't enough. Time to crack down.
So in both these cases, we have situations where offenders were given a second chance to quit being sexually predatory and decided to ignore it. We keep going lightly on them, they'll keep doing the same thing. Sex crimes are one of the few things that can never be taken back - the victim is going to be impacted by it for the rest of her life. If anything, I think both of them got off too easily on the second sex charge and we shouldn't even be having to have a discussion about a second improper registry.
Posted by: Alice H at July 01, 2008 01:37 PM (jRtPb)
Posted by: GRC at July 01, 2008 01:41 PM (HbbDz)
Posted by: Alice H at July 01, 2008 01:41 PM (jRtPb)
I don't agree and I'm genuinely sorry that think this, especially given that we've discussed it here at the HQ at least twice in comments and it is the majority law in the United States.
I also think that you'd claim I intentionally soft-pedaled the summary no matter what I wrote. I don't know what your beef is, but I don't have any more time today to respond to it.
Posted by: Gabriel Malor at July 01, 2008 01:49 PM (WIxQ1)
Posted by: Alice H at July 01, 2008 01:53 PM (jRtPb)
1) This makes him a "pedophile" ?!
2) Is assessing (federal) Constitutionality the job of state officers? That's not rhetorical, I honestly don't know.
Posted by: Knemon at July 01, 2008 02:04 PM (kz0eb)
Posted by: Jazz Hussein at July 01, 2008 02:05 PM (m2CN7)
Posted by: Penfold at July 01, 2008 02:14 PM (lF2Kk)
What are you talking about? They swore the exact same oath last I checked. A statute doesn't generally get ruled unconstitutional JUST by the last court that reviews it. Indeed, if the trial judge didn't make a determination, it's hard to see how there's a proper record for appeal, and it's only under exceptional circumstances that an appellate court will even consider issues first raised on appeal.
Would this robed idiot have said the same thing if defense counsel had filed a motion to dismiss prior to trial, contending that the statute either facially or as applied was unconstitutional? Either on 8th Amendment grounds and/or some other argument? I can think of at least arguable Due Process issues regarding the legislature imposing a mandatory life sentence for a strict-liability crime, i.e. one that doesn't require the state to prove ANY level of mens rea, not even ordinary negligence let alone intent.
The parties are entitled to adjudication of their dispute: that's what JUDGES are actually supposed to be for. For any judge to say, "screw it, they'll figure it out on appeal" is absolutely an abdication of the fundamental purpose of his job.
Posted by: Dave J at July 01, 2008 02:28 PM (YIpcR)
Yes, state office-holders have an independent duty to uphold federal law, including if and when it conflicts with state law. Article VI of the US Constitution provides, in pertinent part:
This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any state to the Contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution(emphasis added)
Posted by: Dave J at July 01, 2008 02:36 PM (YIpcR)
I think we should have the same registry requirements for many other crimes that have have high recidivism rates, such as: belonging to a gang, conviction of more than two felonies, an arson conviction, a "history" of robbery and/or burglary, and maybe all male blacks under 30, just in case (statistically, they're trouble waiting to happen).
Seriously, though, I'm with Christopher Taylor. These registries are a disturbing part of our legal system that need to be looked at critically and utilized very carefully. Boob-grabbing and kiddy diddling are two rather different crimes, to say the least. And as for a ~15yo having sex with an ~17yo, I hate to tell you that this has been common, if not normal, for pretty much recorded history. The fairly recent moral outrage over it is based on feelings, not any fundamental reason. Statistics show that in excess of 20% of girls in the USA are regularly sexually active by 15yo, and guess who they like? Older boys, since they find boys their own age immature--quite reasonable, since girls mature emotionally and mentally earlier than boys. "Romeo and Juliet" laws based on sliding age differentials are an excellent way to deal more rationally with this sort of thing.
When I was in high school in the late 70s, the freshmen and sophomore girls were after the junior and senior guys. The junior and senior girls were after the guys at the community college down the street. And it seemed to work out pretty well for everyone. A police sweep of the two schools, strictly enforcing modern laws, would have put about 50% of the male student population behind bars, and I doubt this would have been to anyone's benefit. But, yes, at some point the gap does become unhealthy. When a 21yo guy from the college went after my girlfriend's 15yo sister, we all knew that it crossed some invisible line and it was not considered appropriate.
BTW, just joking on the young male blacks. But I suspect one could make just as firm a case for them, using statistics, as for your run-of-the mill "sex offender."
Posted by: Manji88 at July 01, 2008 03:04 PM (g1MXQ)
Have you seen any 9 year olds lately?
Just kidding.
I think its to protect the female teachers at the school. We know they wouldn't like to have some nasty 23-year frat boy come on to them when they're really interested in this year's freshman class crop.
Posted by: Harun at July 01, 2008 04:28 PM (wmAHj)
And that leads to being put on the SO registry for life, and now life imprisonment?
This is insane. We need to scale back statutory rape laws so they stop catching normal people in their net.
No one should go onto the SO registry unless they're truly deranged.
Posted by: Daryl Herbert at July 01, 2008 10:17 PM (YvLui)
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